Budget 2023 Expenditure
Approved Budget
Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Technology
In rufiyaa
    • Maldivian rufiyaa
    • US dollar
    • No scaling
    • Thousands
    • Millions
    • Billions
  • Total
    • 2021
    2022
    2023
    2024
    2025
    Actual
    Revised
    Budgeted
    Budgeted
    Budgeted
    Total Expenses
    614,846,004
    723,207,388
    1,134,387,028
    1,023,260,041
    415,342,066
    Recurrent Expenditure
    246,637,409
    108,758,722
    115,912,646
    87,874,710
    86,942,953
    Salaries and Wages
    29,047,258
    19,092,222
    21,611,839
    21,611,839
    21,611,839
    Salaries and Wages
    28,474,695
    18,694,779
    21,043,162
    21,043,162
    21,043,162
    Overtime Pay
    572,563
    397,443
    568,677
    568,677
    568,677
    Allowances to Employees
    13,216,770
    14,560,031
    18,468,950
    18,468,950
    18,468,950
    Pocket Money
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Higher Education Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Technical Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long-Term Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Ramazan Allowance
    435,600
    458,100
    615,000
    615,000
    615,000
    Medical Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Domestic Market Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Salary Increment
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Special Allowance for The Post
    340,946
    354,089
    135,729
    135,729
    135,729
    Food Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Committee Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Allowance for local non-residents
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Commuting Allowance for Local Non-Residents
    34,954
    97,859
    379,440
    379,440
    379,440
    Dependants' Allowance
    2,841,100
    4,058,065
    4,099,467
    4,099,467
    4,099,467
    Holiday Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Allowance for Work Other Than Assigned
    10,400
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Annual Leave Cancellation Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Uniform Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Acting Allowance
    -
    -
    7,200
    7,200
    7,200
    Religious Service Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Shift Duty Allowance
    32,825
    -
    48,600
    48,600
    48,600
    Hardship Allowance
    18,000
    12,040
    79,200
    79,200
    79,200
    Exclusive Job Allowance
    3,002,336
    2,791,309
    4,905,086
    4,905,086
    4,905,086
    Phone Allowance
    462,630
    500,059
    782,633
    782,633
    782,633
    Risk Allowance
    50,745
    11,575
    225,000
    225,000
    225,000
    Clothing Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Service Allowance
    3,088,025
    2,787,035
    4,093,406
    4,093,406
    4,093,406
    Accountable Officers' Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Scholarship and Fellowship Allowance-Overseas
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Scholarship and Fellowship Allowance-Local
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Supporting Core Allowance
    796,673
    619,755
    604,800
    604,800
    604,800
    Technical Core Allowance
    2,102,536
    2,710,537
    2,271,341
    2,271,341
    2,271,341
    Other Allowances
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Minimum Wage Allowance
    -
    159,608
    222,048
    222,048
    222,048
    Attendance Benefit
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Job Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Pensions, Ret. Benefit & Grat.
    2,005,961
    1,229,513
    1,471,433
    1,471,433
    1,471,433
    Pensions
    755,166
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Retirement Benefits and Gratuities
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Retirement benefits paid upon Retirement
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Monthly Payment to the Retired
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Government Contribution to Provident Fund
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Contribution to the retirement pension scheme
    1,250,795
    1,229,513
    1,471,433
    1,471,433
    1,471,433
    Travelling Expenses
    13,977,352
    5,668,690
    2,839,761
    2,171,071
    2,171,071
    Travelling Expenses - Local Sea Travel
    260,356
    510,211
    431,360
    289,860
    289,860
    Travelling Expenses - Local Land Travel
    1,355
    18,977
    131,000
    64,000
    64,000
    Travelling Expenses - Local Air Travel
    12,056,531
    2,006,999
    726,619
    325,279
    325,279
    Travelling Expenses - Overseas
    1,657,728
    3,132,503
    1,550,782
    1,491,932
    1,491,932
    Travelling Expenses for Foreigners
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Travelling Expenses
    1,382
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Administrative Supplies
    1,152,533
    1,594,377
    1,112,146
    1,116,646
    1,116,646
    Stationery and Office Requisites
    431,958
    740,357
    569,884
    298,384
    298,384
    IT Related Materials
    401,174
    197,731
    96,992
    96,992
    96,992
    Fuel and Lubricants
    192,008
    244,121
    155,000
    431,000
    431,000
    Meals for Employees During Office Hours
    6,892
    5,000
    -
    -
    -
    Electrical Items
    6,476
    15,870
    34,020
    34,020
    34,020
    Spare Parts
    51,255
    6,145
    -
    -
    -
    Materials for Uniforms
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Supplies for Office Cleaning
    32,761
    150,800
    156,050
    156,050
    156,050
    Utensils and Accessories
    7,605
    15,628
    30,950
    30,950
    30,950
    Office Decoration Materials
    850
    12,230
    31,650
    31,650
    31,650
    Curtains, Table Cloths Etc
    -
    8,975
    20,800
    20,800
    20,800
    Other Administrative Supplies
    21,554
    197,520
    16,800
    16,800
    16,800
    Administrative Services
    97,625,898
    50,548,059
    6,347,107
    4,749,653
    4,749,653
    Telephone, Fax and Telex
    170,216
    195,000
    193,298
    600,000
    600,000
    Electricity
    1,316,253
    1,000,000
    960,000
    960,000
    960,000
    Water and Sanitation Services
    189,213
    213,600
    228,500
    228,500
    228,500
    Leased Line and Internet
    1,291,079
    1,708,385
    1,440,000
    1,440,000
    1,440,000
    Building rent and Land rent
    69,600
    69,600
    -
    -
    -
    Hire Charges
    -
    61,680
    -
    -
    -
    Security and Safeguarding Services
    1,086,678
    540,000
    381,600
    381,600
    381,600
    Cleaning Services and Waste Disposal
    465,140
    380,600
    303,366
    303,366
    303,366
    Postage and Message
    4,070
    21,281
    20,250
    20,250
    20,250
    Announcements, Subscriptions and Advertisements
    255,636
    157,209
    -
    -
    -
    Carriage and Conveyance
    17,602
    132,644
    6,500
    6,500
    6,500
    Meeting or Seminar Related Expenses
    249,032
    216,502
    1,091,000
    50,000
    50,000
    National Competitions and Ceremonies
    15,235
    258,552
    325,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Social Development Programmes
    77,788,349
    25,502,330
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Examination Related Expenses
    -
    -
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Consultancy, Translation & Other Related Services
    13,259,877
    19,150,790
    651,000
    300,000
    300,000
    Expenses on Foreign Dignitaries
    13,044
    395,032
    173,425
    98,425
    98,425
    Visa, Workpermit Fees of Expatriate Staff
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Annual Fees to Government
    24,991
    66,010
    48,640
    48,640
    48,640
    Printing Services
    -
    75,000
    12,156
    -
    -
    Laundry Services
    -
    3,000
    12,000
    12,000
    12,000
    Staff Medical Expenses
    -
    2,544
    2,544
    2,544
    2,544
    Expenses on International & Local Fairs
    1,449
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Bank Charges and Commission
    839,076
    260,520
    -
    -
    -
    Insurance
    544,638
    137,780
    147,828
    147,828
    147,828
    Other Administrative Services
    24,720
    -
    -
    -
    -
    IT Related Subscriptions & Fees
    -
    -
    250,000
    -
    -
    Operational Consumables
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Medical Consumables
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Educational Consumables
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Prov. of food to people under arrest & detention
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Matrl. for people under arrest & detention
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Operational Consumables
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Training Expenses
    3,023,294
    3,881,564
    657,075
    664,200
    664,200
    Scholarship and Fellowship Assistance
    685
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Course Fees & Expenses - Overseas Training
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Workshops Related Expenses
    2,654,623
    3,568,414
    507,075
    514,200
    514,200
    Course Fees & Related Expenses - Local Training
    -
    -
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Conducting Training Courses
    246,563
    313,150
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Staff training
    121,423
    -
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Repairs and Maintenance
    42,248,793
    1,279,602
    3,730,975
    3,730,975
    2,780,975
    Repairs - Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Non-Residential Buildings
    2,122,364
    522,939
    1,591,795
    1,591,795
    916,795
    Repairs - Roads and Bridges
    -
    33,133
    24,850
    24,850
    24,850
    Repairs - Airports
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Wharves, Ports and Harbours
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Water & Sanitation Systems
    39,870,160
    153,700
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Electricity Systems
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Other Infrastructure
    -
    -
    292,715
    292,715
    292,715
    Repairs - Furniture & Fittings
    70
    3,487
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Machinery and Equipment
    120,923
    467,310
    1,022,000
    1,022,000
    962,000
    Repairs - Vehicular Equipment
    -
    -
    50,000
    50,000
    50,000
    Repairs - Communication Infrastructure
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Computer Software
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - IT-Related Hardware
    44,287
    40,133
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Other Equipment
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Repairs - Motor Vehicles
    455
    17,084
    80,000
    80,000
    80,000
    Repairs - Ships and Boats
    90,534
    41,816
    669,615
    669,615
    454,615
    Repairs - Aerospace equipments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Financing and Interest Costs
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Interest Payments to Government Agencies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Interest Payments to Domestic Sources
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Interest Payments to Foreign Sources
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Discount on Treasury Bills
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Grants, Contrib. & Subsidies
    44,339,550
    10,904,664
    59,673,360
    33,889,943
    33,908,186
    Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Welfare Payments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Grants to Private Parties
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Awards
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Indemnities and Relief Against Natural Calamities
    4,079,908
    8,846,300
    9,100,000
    15,100,000
    15,100,000
    Subscriptions & Fees to Domestic Organisations
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Subscriptions & Fees to International Org.
    260,652
    1,028,586
    1,773,360
    789,943
    808,186
    Donations to Foreign Parties or Goverments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Assistance to Associations & Social Organisations
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Assistance for Community Programs
    220,442
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Electricity Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Water Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Food Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Single Parents Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Medical Treatment Support -Abroad
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Medical Treatment Support -Local
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Foster Parents Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Health Insurance Premium
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Disability Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Fisheries Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Agriculture Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Grants to Pre-schools
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Grants to Councils
    39,778,548
    1,029,778
    30,800,000
    -
    -
    Therapeutic Services
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Grants, Contributions & Subsidies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Waste Management Subsidy
    -
    -
    18,000,000
    18,000,000
    18,000,000
    Fuel Subsidy
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Income Support and Job Seeker Allowance
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Transport Subsidy
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Sewerage Subsidy
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Tax Payments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    G-GST Payments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    T-GST Payments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Import duty Payments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Losses
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Losses from Government Agencies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Losses from Private Parties
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Losses on Exchange Rates
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Losses on Investment Revaluation
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Loss on Sale of Government Property
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Loss on Sale of Government Land
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Loss on Sale of Investments In Public Enterprises
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Loss on Sale of Other Asset
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Loss - Impairment on Assets
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Losses
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Write-Offs
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Write-Off - Government Agencies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Write-Off - Private Parties
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Write-Offs
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Capital Expenditure
    368,208,595
    614,448,666
    1,018,474,382
    935,385,331
    328,399,113
    Cap. Outlays-PAS Transition
    71,885,583
    250,950
    35,752,818
    35,752,818
    29,652,818
    Local Components for Foreign Assisted Projects
    66,693,445
    250,950
    867,392
    867,392
    867,392
    Implementation Costs of Foreign Assisted Projects
    5,192,138
    -
    34,885,426
    34,885,426
    28,785,426
    Other Economic Dev. Expenditure from Govt. Budget
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Budget Contingency and Provision
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Budget Contingency
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Budget Provision (Bucket)
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Transfers
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Transfers to Sovereign Development Fund
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Land & Buildings
    -
    -
    256,485
    512,970
    -
    Land
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Non-Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    256,485
    512,970
    -
    Infrastructure Assets
    289,096,069
    612,398,431
    954,897,639
    846,492,153
    280,585,505
    Roads and Bridges
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Airports
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Wharves, Ports and Harbours
    2,599,431
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Water & Sanitation Systems
    65,449,385
    33,324,646
    7,129,310
    10,805,199
    4,618,320
    Electricity Systems
    -
    191,768,982
    286,456,436
    218,106,922
    64,193,099
    Other Infrastructure
    221,047,253
    387,304,803
    661,311,893
    617,580,032
    211,774,086
    Furniture, Machinery & Equip.
    2,383,685
    1,499,285
    24,491,066
    49,551,016
    15,084,416
    Furniture & Fittings
    55,194
    224,725
    430,000
    580,000
    580,000
    Machinery and Equipment
    147,685
    324,795
    22,116,835
    47,341,785
    12,875,185
    Vehicular Equipment
    1,144,088
    -
    315,000
    -
    -
    Tools, Instruments, Apparatus
    6,334
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Reference Books & Exhibition Goods
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Communication Infrastructure
    23,757
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Computer Software
    443,065
    -
    -
    -
    -
    IT-Related Hardware
    546,236
    682,310
    1,589,834
    1,589,834
    1,589,834
    Other Equipment
    17,326
    267,455
    39,397
    39,397
    39,397
    Low Value Assets
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Vehicles
    4,843,258
    300,000
    3,076,374
    3,076,374
    3,076,374
    Motor Vehicles
    19,800
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Ships and Boats
    4,823,458
    -
    3,076,374
    3,076,374
    3,076,374
    Aerospace equipments
    -
    300,000
    -
    -
    -
    Investment in Plc Enterprises
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Equity Capital to Public Enterprises
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Cap. Contrib. to Profit-Oriented Public Agencies
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Investment in Equity Shares
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other Investments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Capital held in Multilateral Institutions
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Investments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Constr., Renov. & Improvement
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Land
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost-Non-Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Roads and Bridges
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Airports
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Wharves,Ports and Harbours
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Water & Sanitation Systems
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Electricity Systems
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost -Other Infrastructure
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Furniture & Fittings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project CostMachinery and Equipment
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project CostVehicular Equipment
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost-Tools,Instruments,Apparatus
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost- Ref.Books&Exhibition Goods
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost-Communication Infrastructure
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Computer Software
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - IT-Related Hardware
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Other Equipment
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Motor Vehicles
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Ships and Boats
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Project Cost - Aerospace equipments
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Residential Buildings and Structures
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Non-Residential Buildings and Structures
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Roads and Bridges
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Airports
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Wharves, Ports and Harbours
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Water & Sanitation Systems
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Electricity Systems
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    WIP - Other Infrastructure
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Minor Extensions to Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Minor Extensions to Non-Residential Buildings
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    ST Loans Repayment - Domestic
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-SOE
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-State Fin.Institutions
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Non-Profit Org.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Treasury Bills
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Other
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    ST Loans Repayment - Foreign
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term For. Loan Repmt.-Multilateral
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term For. Loan Repmt.-Bilateral Govt.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term For. Loan Repmt.-For. Commercial Instit
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term For. Loan Repmt.-Foreign Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Short Term For. Loan Repmt.-Other
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    LT Loans Repayment - Domestic
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-SOE
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-State Fin.Institutions
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Non-Profit Org.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    LT Loans Repmt. - Other Dom.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Inscribed Stock
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Treasury Bills
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Domestic Banks
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom Repmt - Govt Bonds
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term Dom. Loan Repmt.-Others
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    LT Loan Repayment - Foreign
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For. Loan Repmt.-Multilateral
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For. Loan Repmt.-Bilateral Govt.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For. Loan Repmt.-For. Commercial Instit.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For. Loan Repmt.-Foreign Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For Loan Repmt - Govt Bonds
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Long Term For. Loan Repmt.-Other
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Lendings - Domestic
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Domestic Lending - SOE
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Domestic Lending - State Fin.Institutions
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Domestic Lending - Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Domestic Lending - Non-Profit Org.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Domestic Lending - For. Commercial Instit.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Other New Domestic Lending
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Lendings - Foreign
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Foreign Lending - Bilateral Govt.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Foreign Lending - For. Commercial Instit.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Foreign Lending - Foreign Individuals
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    New Foreign Lending - Other
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Total Expenses
    In Billion Rufiyaa
    Breakdown for year: 2023